Topics

1. POTENTIAL OF CELL-FREE DNA (CFDNA) IN DISEASE RESEARCH
2. POLICY MEASURES BY THE EU
3. INDIA AND SINGAPORE AGREEMENT
4. WORLDCOIN PROJECT
5. MAPPING INDIA’S CHIP DESIGN ECOSYSTEM
6. GLOBAL SCIENCE FUNDING
7. ALL INDIA TIGER ESTIMATION -2022
8. BIOSIMILARS

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)

Context:

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has emerged as a valuable tool in global research, enabling a deeper comprehension of human diseases and advancements in diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis.

What is Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)?

• CfDNA is a collection of small nucleic acid fragments that originate from cells and exist outside the cells in bodily fluids.
• It is a notable discovery that traces its roots back to the late 1940s when it was first identified in the blood of pregnant women.

Generation and Release of cfDNA:

• CfDNA can be produced and released from cells in diverse scenarios, including cell death and other physiological processes.

• This process of release is associated with various disease processes, including autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus.

The Role of cfDNA in Disease Research:

• Researchers across the globe are harnessing cfDNA’s potential to gain valuable insights into human diseases.

• By analyzing cfDNA, they can better understand the underlying mechanisms, improve diagnostic techniques, and refine methods for monitoring and predicting disease outcomes.

Applications

1.    Prenatal Testing

2.    Cancer Detection and Monitoring

3.    Organ Transplantation

POLICY MEASURES BY THE EU

News:

• India and other developing countries, including China, Indonesia, and South Africa, have raised objections against unilateral trade policy measures imposed by the European Union (EU).

• Specifically, they have voiced concerns over the implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and the Deforestation Act, both of which are being discussed at the World Trade Organization (WTO).

India’s Perspective during the Trade Policy Review of the EU

• During the Trade Policy Review of the EU, India acknowledged that bilateral economic and commercial relations with the EU have shown positive trends.

• However, India pointed out the presence of certain “irritants” that are acting as barriers and hindering the full potential of their economic partnership.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): An Overview

• The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a proposed mechanism by the European Union (EU) designed to assign a fair price to the carbon emissions associated with the production of carbon-intensive goods entering the EU.

• The primary objective is to incentivize cleaner industrial production in non-EU countries.

Gradual Introduction and Timeline of CBAM

• The EU has outlined a phased approach to introduce the CBAM.
• The mechanism is set to be gradually implemented, with a planned initiation date of 1st October 2023.
• From this date, selected imports to EU nations will face a tax ranging from 20% to 35%. By 1st January 2026, the EU will start levying the carbon tax on multiple products exported to its member countries.
• Over time, the list of products subject to CBAM will be expanded, and by 2034, it is expected to cover all products entering the EU.

EU Deforestation Regulation (“EUDR”): Key Points

• The EUDR places responsibility on companies registered in EU member states to ensure that seven agricultural commodities – cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soy, and wood – that they import or export have not been produced on land deforested after December 31, 2020.

“Deforestation-Free” Criteria under EUDR

Under the EUDR, the term “deforestation-free” means that the imported or exported goods do not contain, have not been fed with, or have not been made using relevant commodities produced on land that has experienced deforestation since 31 December 2020.

Challenges Ahead at the WTO

1. The concerns raised by India and other developing countries regarding the CBAM and EUDR are expected to be subject to further discussions at the World Trade Organization.
2. These unilateral trade policy measures by the EU have significant implications for international trade and economic partnerships, making it crucial for all parties involved to find balanced and equitable solutions.

INDIA AND SINGAPORE AGREEMENT

News:

• India and Singapore have accelerated their plans to establish a power grid connection via an undersea cable, linking the two countries and facilitating the export of renewable energy from India to Singapore.

This move comes with various key points to consider:

1. Cheaper Renewable Energy Export:

• The projected landed cost of the renewable energy exported through this undersea cable arrangement to Singapore is expected to be lower than the cost of their gas-based electricity.

• This presents an attractive opportunity for Singapore to import cost-effective and sustainable energy from India.

2. Singapore’s Commitment to the Paris Agreement:

• Singapore has its nationally determined contributions (NDC) to meet as part of the Paris Agreement’s climate goals.

• By procuring renewable energy from India, Singapore can make significant progress towards achieving its targets, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change.

3. Discussion during G20 and Clean Energy Ministerial Meetings:

• Both India and Singapore engaged in discussions regarding the power grid connection during the G20 Energy Ministerial and Clean Energy Ministerial meetings earlier in the month.
• These dialogues reflect the seriousness and commitment of the two nations towards this initiative.

4. Addressing Andaman & Nicobar Islands’ Unique Challenges:

• The Andaman & Nicobar Islands, being isolated from the mainland, face distinctive challenges in terms of power supply.
• The cumulative generation capacity of these union territories stands at approximately 109.45 MW, with diesel-based generation accounting for nearly 91%, and the remainder coming from hydro and solar sources.
• The proposed power grid connection with Singapore is expected to bring benefits to the islands’ connectivity, particularly with the integration of renewable energy.

5. Opportunities for Further Collaborations:

• India is actively exploring opportunities to connect its power grids with other countries for renewable energy trading.
• Discussions with Saudi Arabia and the UAE are underway, with the possibility of establishing a power grid connection to trade renewable energy.
• Additionally, India is considering involving Oman in the project as a stopover before extending connectivity to the UAE and Saudi Arabia.

 Conclusion:

The fast-tracking of plans to connect their power grids demonstrates the mutual commitment of India and Singapore to promote renewable energy and address climate change.

This strategic partnership not only opens avenues for sustainable energy trade but also presents opportunities to overcome unique energy challenges faced by regions like the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

WORLDCOIN PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

• Worldcoin is a unique project that aims to establish a global digital network by utilizing biometric identity verification and cryptocurrency rewards.
• It was reintroduced by OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, regaining attention that was previously overshadowed by the popularity of ChatGPT.

Understanding Worldcoin’s Concept

• The Worldcoin venture revolves around a distinct model where individuals undergo an eye scan to establish their human uniqueness.
• In return for participating in the eye scan, individuals receive cryptocurrency and a World ID, forming the foundation of the project.

• The ultimate goal of Worldcoin is to create the “world’s largest identity and financial public network” accessible to people worldwide.

The Functioning of Worldcoin

• Orb Operators: Worldcoin relies on volunteers known as “Orb operators” who utilize a device called the “Orb” to scan people’s iris patterns and gather their biometric data.
• 

1. World ID: Participants receive a unique World ID through the World app after their irises are scanned.

• This ID allows them to claim Worldcoin cryptocurrency and carry out transactions securely.

3. Proof of Personhood: Scanning irises ensures that individuals cannot sign up multiple times to receive additional crypto rewards, preventing fraud and ensuring fairness.
4. Cryptocurrency and Transactions: Users can collect WLD (Worldcoin’s cryptocurrency) at regular intervals or use it for transactions, similar to any other digital currency.

The WLD Cryptocurrency and Compliance

1. WLD Token: WLD operates as a cryptocurrency based on the Ethereum blockchain, enabling users to buy, sell, or trade it on major exchanges.

2. Regulatory Compliance: Worldcoin places great importance on complying with Europe’s GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and uses zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to maintain user privacy.

User data is encrypted and not sold, though it may be shared with necessary third parties for specific purposes.

Potential Risks Associated with Worldcoin

1. Price Volatility: As with most cryptocurrencies, the price of WLD is subject to fluctuations, and users should exercise caution when investing in lesser-known digital currencies.

2. Security Risks: Users must remain vigilant against potential scams or hacks related to cryptocurrency investments to safeguard their holdings.

Criticism and Controversies Surrounding Worldcoin

1. Privacy Concerns: Worldcoin faced criticism due to concerns about privacy and the use of biometrics for verification, as it involves sensitive personal data.

2. Scanning in Emerging Economies: Reports raised ethical questions about Worldcoin scanning underprivileged people’s irises in emerging economies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• This sparked debates about informed consent and the fairness of rewards for participating in the scans.

Worldcoin’s Presence in India

• Worldcoin has deployed Orb operators in various locations in India, particularly in Delhi, Noida, and Bangalore, where people’s irises are scanned to join the network.

Conclusion: A Promising yet Controversial Vision

Worldcoin’s vision of a global digital network with biometric identity and cryptocurrency rewards presents promising opportunities for financial inclusion and digital empowerment.

However, it must address the privacy and ethical concerns raised to gain wider acceptance and trust among users worldwide.

MAPPING INDIA’S CHIP DESIGN ECOSYSTEM

Introduction

• The government is considering a proposal to invest in domestic chip design-making companies as part of the second phase of the Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme for the semiconductor industry.

• The aim is to foster the growth of “fabless companies” in India—entities that design chips but outsource manufacturing.

• However, implementing this policy requires a strategic approach due to the capital-intensive nature of the semiconductor sector and the lengthy gestation periods for setting up design and fabrication units.

Understanding the DLI Scheme

• The DLI Scheme is a program designed to provide financial and infrastructural support to companies establishing semiconductor manufacturing plants in India.

• Eligible participants setting up fabrication units can receive fiscal support of up to 50% of the total cost.

• Furthermore, companies building compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, and sensors fabrication plants can avail fiscal support of 30% of the capital expenditure under this scheme.

• Incentives of 4% to 6% on net sales for five years are provided to companies engaged in semiconductor design for various applications.

Challenges in the Semiconductor Industry

• long gestation periods for product launches,
• high capital requirements,
• cyclic market dynamics,
• supply chain disruptions, which were evident during COVID-related lockdowns.

Growing Semiconductor Market in India

• The Indian semiconductor industry is growing rapidly and has the potential to reach $1 trillion dollars by the end of the decade.
• India’s share can grow significantly, reaching $64 billion by 2026 from the current $27 billion, with mobiles, wearables, IT, and industrial components being the leading segments.

Challenges and Considerations

• Some experts raise concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of the government’s plan to become a venture capital firm for chip design companies.

• The lack of private sector venture capitalists focused on semiconductors also poses a challenge for the growth of design firms.

• The proposal to offer an equity stake to design companies can align their interests with the project’s success, ensuring shared risk and reward.

Conclusion

The proposal to take an equity stake in domestic chip design-making companies aligns with the goal of promoting fabless companies and ensuring a stable ecosystem in India’s semiconductor industry.

Its success depends on effective implementation and addressing the challenges related to venture capital support, IP ownership, and value-added activities in chip design.

By carefully navigating these considerations and fostering strong collaboration with promising design companies, the government can drive significant growth in the semiconductor sector.

GLOBAL SCIENCE FUNDING

Context:

The Global Commission on Science Missions for Sustainability (GCSMS) released a report emphasizing the need for a significant overhaul of the current sustainability science model to effectively address the complexities of climate challenges.

Introduction to GCSMS:

The GCSMS was established in 2021 under the International Science Council (ISC), a non-profit organization.

Key Recommendations:

1. Establishing a $1 Billion Per Year Mission Science Network:

The commission proposed the creation of an ambitious and well-funded mission science network known as Regional Sustainability Hubs across the globe. This initiative aims to rectify existing issues and challenges related to sustainability.

2. Addressing Context-Specific and Complex Issues:

The envisioned Regional Sustainability Hubs would take on diverse and intricate problems such as climate change, malnutrition, water security, and clean energy. These hubs would tackle these issues through a systematic engagement process.

3. Inclusive Engagement with Key Stakeholders:

The commission emphasized the importance of engaging key stakeholders, especially those from the Global South regions, throughout the entire process. These stakeholders would play a pivotal role in problem definition, decision-making, and implementation.

4. A Cost-Effective Initiative with Significant Impact:

Despite the ambitious scope of the proposal, the commission revealed that the required funding for the initiative would be less than one percent of the global annual research and development budget. Nevertheless, it is expected to make substantial progress towards achieving the 2030 Agenda on sustainable development.

5. Science-Based Support for United Nations Policy Decisions:

The commission stressed the need for science-based evidence to support policy and political decisions at the United Nations. Integrating scientific knowledge into decision-making processes can lead to more sustainable and holistic solutions.

Challenges and Urgency:

1. Slow Progress Towards Poverty Eradication Goals:

Countries are currently far from achieving the poverty eradication goals set for the 2030 deadline. Around 1.1 billion people out of 6.1 billion across 110 countries continue to live in poverty.

2. Escalating Global Hunger and Extreme Poverty:

Global hunger has returned to 2005 levels, and it is projected that nearly 600 million people will still be trapped in extreme poverty by 2030.

The Need for a ‘Mission Science’ Approach:

To address these pressing challenges effectively, the commission proposed adopting a ‘mission science’ approach.

This approach seeks to integrate fragmented scientific knowledge and bridge the gap between research and the immediate needs of society.

Conclusion:

The GCSMS report advocates for a fundamental shift in the sustainability science model, highlighting the importance of Regional Sustainability Hubs and a mission science approach to address climate challenges and achieve the goals set forth in the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development.

By incorporating science-based evidence into policy decisions, there is a greater likelihood of success in tackling urgent global issues.

ALL INDIA TIGER ESTIMATION -2022

News:

On the occasion of Global Tiger Day at the Corbett Tiger Reserve, the Union Minister of State released the comprehensive All India Tiger Estimation – 2022 report. The report provides valuable insights into India’s tiger population and their conservation status.

India: Home to 75% of the World’s Wild Tiger Population

One of the significant highlights of the report is that India currently houses nearly 75% of the world’s wild tiger population. This underscores the country’s crucial role in tiger conservation and reaffirms its commitment to protecting these majestic creatures.

Shift in Tiger Occurrence and Growth in Sightings

The report reveals notable changes in the spatial patterns of tiger occurrence. Notably, the number of unique tiger sightings increased from 2,461 in 2018 to 3,080 in 2022. Remarkably, over three-quarters of the tiger population are now found within protected areas, signifying the positive impact of conservation efforts.

Tiger Population Estimates

According to the report, the upper limit of India’s tiger population is estimated to be 3,925, with an average number of 3,682 tigers. This reflects an impressive annual growth rate of 6.1% per annum, indicating encouraging progress in tiger conservation in the country.

Distribution of Tiger Population

The report identifies the states with the most substantial tiger populations. Madhya Pradesh leads with the highest number of tigers, boasting a population of 785. Following closely are Karnataka (563), Uttarakhand (560), and Maharashtra (444), all playing crucial roles in tiger conservation efforts.

Tiger Abundance in Tiger Reserves

The report provides insights into tiger abundance within various tiger reserves. Corbett Tiger Reserve tops the list with 260 tigers, followed by Bandipur (150), Nagarhole (141), Bandhavgarh (135), Dudhwa (135), Mudumalai (114), Kanha (105), Kaziranga (104), Sundarbans (100), Tadoba (97), Sathyamangalam (85), and Pench-MP (77). These numbers highlight the importance of these reserves in sustaining tiger populations.

Conservation Challenges and Urgent Measures

Approximately 35% of the tiger reserves are identified as requiring urgent enhanced protection measures.

This includes habitat restoration, ungulate augmentation, and subsequent tiger reintroduction. Recognizing and addressing these challenges are vital for maintaining the upward trend in tiger population growth.

Conclusion

The All-India Tiger Estimation – 2022 report released during the Global Tiger Day celebrations at the Corbett Tiger Reserve brings attention to India’s significant role in conserving tigers globally. The encouraging growth in tiger populations, along with identification of conservation challenges, lays the foundation for further strategic efforts to ensure the survival and thriving of these majestic creatures in their natural habitats.

BIOSIMILARS

What are biosimilars?

• A biosimilar is a biologic medical product that is almost an identical copy of an original product that is manufactured by a different company.
• Biosimilars are officially approved versions of original “innovator” products and can be manufactured when the original product’s patent expires.
• Biosimilars have no clinically meaningful differences from the reference product in terms of safety, purity, and potency.

Why are biosimilars important?

• Biosimilars are safe and effective treatment options for many illnesses such as chronic skin and bowel diseases, arthritis, kidney conditions, and cancer.
• Biosimilars increase access to lifesaving medications at potentially lower costs.
• Biosimilars encourage biologic innovation and competition.

How are biosimilars approved?

• Biosimilars are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States based on rigorous scientific and regulatory standards.
• Biosimilars must demonstrate that they are highly similar to the reference product, despite minor differences in clinically inactive components.
• Biosimilars must also show that they have the same clinical outcomes as the reference product in one or more appropriate conditions of use.
• The FDA has approved more than 30 biosimilar products since 2015.